Managing wildlife-caused damage to human interests has become an important aspect ofcontemporary conservation management. Conflicts between pastoralism and carnivoreconservation over livestock depredation pose a serious challenge to endangered carnivoresworldwide, and have become an important livelihood concern locally. Here, we first review theprimary causes of these conflicts, their socio-ecological correlates, and commonly employedmitigation measures. We then describe a community-based program to manage conflicts overlivestock depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus. A threats-basedconceptual model of conflict management is presented. Conflicts over livestock depredation arecharacterized by complex, multi-scale interactions between carnivore and livestock behavioralecology, animal husbandry, human psyche, culture, world-views, and socio-economic andeducation levels of affected peoples. A diversity of commonly employed conflict-mitigationmeasures is available. They aim at (i) reducing livestock depredation through better livestockherding, use of physical, chemical or psychological barriers, removal of carnivores, and use oflivestock guard animals, (ii) offsetting economic losses through damage compensation andinsurance programmes, and (iii) increasing peoples’ tolerance of carnivores through indirectapproaches such as conservation education and economic incentives. For effective management,conflicts need to be understood along two important dimensions, viz., the reality of damagecaused to humans, and the psyche and perceptions of humans who suffer wildlife causeddamage. The efficacy of commonly used mitigation measures is variable. A combination ofmeasures that reduce the level of livestock depredation, share or offset economic losses, andimprove the social carrying capacity for carnivores will be more effective in managing conflictsthan standalone measures